logic is the science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference [Concise OED]. Logic allows us to analyze a piece of reasoning, and determine whether it is line up or not. To practise the technical terms, we determine whether the reasoning is well-grounded or invalid.
One does not need to study logic in order to reason correctly. However, a little primary knowledge of logic is often helpful when constructing or analyzing an argument.
raze that I am not claiming that logic is universally applicable. That unfreeze is very much open to debate. This document only explains how to use logic; you must decide whether logic is the right jibe for the job.
Note also that this document deals only with simple Boolean logic. Other sorts of mathematical logic, such as fuzzy logic, chase different rules. When people talk of logical arguments, though, they generally designate the type being described here.
Basic concepts
The building blocks of a logical argument ar bids, also called statements. A proposition is a statement which is either true or sham; for example:
The first programmable computer was built in Cambridge.
Dogs cannot acquire colour.
Berlin is the capital of Germany.
Propositions may be either asserted (said to be true) or denied (said to be false). Note that this is a technical meaning of deny, not the everyday meaning.
The proposition is the meaning of the statement, not the particular arrangement of words used. So A divinity exists and There exists a God both express the selfsame(prenominal) proposition.
What is an argument?
An argument is, to quote the Monty Python sketch, a connected serial of statements to establish a definite proposition. There are three stages to an argument: Premises, inference, and conclusion.
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