Ethical Considerations Associated

Ethical Considerations Associated with Plea Bargaining Plea bargaining occurs when both sides in a case compromise to settle the matter before having a Judge or Jury decide. More often than not, the defendant pleads guilty to a crime that carries a less harsh sentence than the actual accused offense. The ethical dilemma is one of convenience over Justice. This approach, however, might cause ethical dilemmas, such as inequality in the Justice system. The courts are clogged, prosecutors are overworked, and there is the constitutional demand for â€Å"Speedy Trial. On one hand you have the courts doing their best to manage logjams, and on the other the need to provide Justice. Plea bargaining is done for several reasons such as, the chances of a lengthy trial or the lack of concrete evidence. Courts frequently bargain away charges that are just in order to get a guilty verdict on a lesser charge because they want the case to go away, or they don't want to take the risk in a trial becau se they doubt the conclusiveness of their evidence.Plea Bargains often cut out many court costs and help the legal system move cases along more quickly. This many lead to guilty individuals going free, receiving a fine, probation or a drastically reduced prison sentence for committing a heinous crime. Parties that work on a bargain agreement usually get a lesser sentence than a person who attempts to contest charges through a proper trial. Moreover, Justice can be harmed when the guilty are not properly punished, and this can have a corrosive effect on popular belief in the fairness of the ystem.Whether an ethical dilemma exists with plea bargaining depends on how a person views the ultimate goal of the court system. Those who think the Judicial system should deter crime and work efficiently, see plea bargains as a useful tool. However, those who prize equality see them as ethically dubious. Supporters of plea bargaining may admit to some deficiencies in the court system, however, t he often seemly unanswerable question remains; what's the alternative?

American Education vs Asian Education Essay

In the past 20 old ages the United States school system has been roll uping a spot of unfavorable judgment. Surveies have shown that the United States has been dawdling exponentially compared to about all the industrialised states. This specifically refers to Asiatic states that are statistically blowing the U. S. out of the H2O. In his article â€Å"New Math-Science Study Rates U. S. Students Mediorce At Best† William S. Robinson decusses study consequences after pupils from around the universe have taken a scientific discipline and math trial. The study consequences in the cosmopolitan topic of math show us that the U. S. 8th graders have fallen behind. while the 12th class degree showed merely little betterment. We would potentially look at these instruction systems as extremes of each other. Each instruction system being on the different side of the spectrum. Both systems holding mistakes and advantages. Taking the positive facets from both sides and unifying them together . a harmonious instruction system could be established. In the article â€Å" Strengths. Weaknesses. and Lessons of Nipponese Education† James Fallows tells us that in an Asiatic schoolroom pupils will experience an unbelievable sum of force per unit area get downing from grade school and up. while U. S. instructors are excessively afraid to raise the saloon because of possible disheartenment of the pupil ( 201 ) . In Japan. University admittances as opposed to classs earned in university. determines what sort of calling you can hold in Japan. Nipponese pupils will pass most of their clip analyzing in cram schools. unlike American pupils who spend most of their clip socialising. A negative of the Asian school system. is the conformance that must be upheld. This achieves better instruction because it becomes the â€Å"thing to do† . When everybody is on the same course of study there is no other pick but to follow the herd. While conformance creates better math pupils. it demises the facet of creativeness and individualism. The U. S. places a much bigger accent on creativeness and pick. Therefore supplying pupils with chances that help them larn about them egos. and develop original thoughts. An of import feature that the U. S. instruction system deficiencies. is the thought of attempt being straight correlated to success. In her article â€Å" Why Are U. S. Kids Poor In Math† Barbara Vobejda says that the American and Asiatic female parents have a diffrent position on what determines their child’s success in school. An American female parent thinks that her child’s academic accomplishment comes from unconditioned ability. while an Asiatic female parent thinks that her kids academic accomplishment comes from difficult work and attempt. An Asiatic female parent would demand her child spends hours after school making prep and analyzing. An American female parent would merely state that her kid is non good in their topic. Vobeja says that a survey has shown that Asiatic pupils spend more clip in their seats than American pupils do. American pupils were out of their seats 21 per centum of clip. compared to Chinese and Nipponese pupils who were out of their seats 2 per centum of the clip. Though the American pupil may believe that they work hard. we find that the Asiatic pupil is at a much greater degree of force per unit area. As we saw in the old transition. serious force per unit area is put on the Asiatic pupil. In farther scrutiny of the article â€Å"Japan’s School System† . a protagonist of the catalytic force per unit area subject. we find many contrasts to the U. S. positions of seting force per unit area on pupils. Nipponese pupils attend school six yearss a hebdomad. The school twelvemonth consists of 220 yearss compared to the 180 yearss in the U. S. A 3rd grade Nipponese school hebdomad consists of eight hours of Nipponese. five of arithmetic. three of scientific discipline. societal surveies and physical instruction. two hours of music and art. For an U. S. pupil this might look like snake pit. Yet the lone ground this might look like to much force per unit area. is because we are judging their system with an ethnocentric point of position. Nipponese pupils think it’s rather All right. Worlds are a really dynamic and expert species. We ever look at things from our conditioned point of position. Therefore. if force per unit area is increased on the U. S. pupils. the lone 1s who would hold any ailments are current pupils. Bing dynamic and expert. they excessively would be able to carry through the new demands asked of them. The eastern thoughts of force per unit area could be used as a accelerator for consequences in the U. S. While every bit much as we are in demand of more force per unit area on the pupils. we must retain the originative single factor at all costs. We are non machines that have indistinguishable downloaded encephalons. In the article â€Å"We Should Cherish our Children’s Freedom To Think† . Kie Ho provides a critical inquiry. He asks. â€Å"If American instruction is so tragically inferior. why is it that this is still the state of invention? † Looking back at the regular Nipponese school hebdomad. we find that non much attending is brought to music or art. Creativity signifiers individualism. look of thoughts. and self-fulfillment. This could destroy all the conformance and control of thoughts in the Asiatic pupil. Our Asiatic friends could ne'er hold that go on now could they. Ho provides an illustration of an U. S. pupil taking a function of Lyndon Johnson and debating a pupil in the function of Ho Chi Minh. An Asiatic pupil would ne'er be given a opportunity to look at things from a different point of position. In all their mathematical glorification they have missed the indispensable human demand to show individualism. Most likely that is done with purpose. While many Americans yell and scream about their children’s math abilities. they have overlooked the fact why most immigrants come here. This fact is freedom. Which would non be possible without all the originative mercantile establishments provided by our school system. In unifying these two cardinal thoughts of both of the instruction systems. many new positive effects are felt by the pupils. An addition of force per unit area to actuate and speed up instruction. The development of thoughts and originative mercantile establishments. which lead to self-discovery and formation of original and advanced thoughts which. fuel our state. This guarantees freedom and a head to utilize it. Americans complain about the nucleus topic of instruction. That will alter with a harder course of study and more accent being placed on attempt. We will besides go on supplying our pupils with individualism. Asiatic instruction can besides see positive effects from the development of pick and travel off from conformance. The pupils who do can non or will non take part in the difficult course of study will now hold a pick to develop their originative side. These alterations will be difficult to do. U. S. pupils seting to a faster harder instruction. Asians might get down t o free control of the multitudes. In the terminal it will be good for both.

Explore the ways Golding presents the relationship between Goody Pangall and Roger Mason

The opening of the extract reveals that the relationship between the pair may not be mutual, and may appear to Goody to be threatening. This becomes apparent through the way in which her movements are described as being â€Å"brisk† yet â€Å"without much will to go forward†. This provokes the reader to fathom that there is some sort of aggressive energy between the duo, particularly when coupled with the projected image of â€Å"open terror† in her face. This may seem to be Golding's method by which to foreshadow any abusive occurrences yet to come such as rape or violence. However, this whilst it may initially appear to be an abusive situation for Goody is infact quite the opposite as it is later revealed that her timid actions are not due to fear of an aggressor, but due to the â€Å"tent† which is said to be â€Å"feared† by them both. This â€Å"tent† as it is described is an invisible bond between the two, much like the â€Å"rope† which once tethered together Jocelin and Pangall. This bond however, unlike that between the two priests is almost self-enforcing as it confines them with each other and is described as having â€Å"shut them off† from the other characters. As this union between them is said to be â€Å"shut† it implies that the relationship is intended to remain private, which is unsurprising given the ideas and values of the time and their surroundings as it would be deemed strictly improper for this relationship to continue within the sanctity of the cathedral, and in particular is between two married people which even by modern standards is considered a taboo and so bears considerable stigma. The â€Å"tent† forms a palpable enclosure of secrecy in which the pair may act as they wish without being exposed, however the opaque exterior of the â€Å"tent† does not necessarily prevent their discovery as it has no barrier for sound, and under close and suspicious scrutiny becomes transparent, revealing their scandal. The â€Å"fear† expressed by Goody Pangall may also be a sign of guilt as it would be truly shameful for her affair to be unveiled, particularly by her husband. Also, the relationship between the pair is most likely based upon a physical attraction derived from the base instinct, lust. As such, the timing for the emergence of their relationship lends itself willingly to the overall plot as the stench of stagnant water and death emitted by the pit is symbolic of the Freudian id, as it is taken to be the more concealed and inviolable facet of the church due to its disruptive and disconcerting nature. As such, the surfacing of this illegitimate relationship has been timed well as it, like the stench is also likely to disrupt the already crumbling church community. Golding uses many alternative and diverse methods with which to present the affiliation between the couple. In this extract alone, he employs many techniques to present and investigate their association. The first apparent method is that of scrutinising observation from a distance, typically presented through the eyes of Jocelin, in a manner which literally means that the reader sees the world through his eyes. This is almost to be expected as Golding uses Jocelin as the focal point or foundation upon which the rest of the novel's extreme depth and vision is constructed throughout the book. In this manner, the reader is introduced to the affair through the reactions and indignation of Jocelin. Read also Intro to Public Relations Notes However, Jocelin's reactions must be taken with a hint of caution as it is obvious that he personally lusts after her and so is jealous of Pangall and now of Roger as his earlier comments such as â€Å"she is entirely woman† would indicate. However, it may be believed that the relationship is revealed or perhaps foreshadowed prior to the point of this extract as Jocelin forces the images to the back of his mind and so refuses to focus upon their implications, which allows him to evade any in depth thought or interpretation of previous situations which the reader may now link to the affair. Another method which Golding uses to present the relationship is simply that of narrative observation. This is employed towards the climax of the extract as the reader is no longer seeing the world from within Jocelin, but is being shown his reactions to it in order to interpret its meanings and implications. The relationship is clear and obvious in its existence and to Jocelin must have clear meanings as it is stated that â€Å"a strange certainty fell on Jocelin† as he spied upon the pair's private meeting. In a somewhat removed and malignant manner, the climax of the relationship between the pair may prophesise and so foreshadows the end for Jocelin. This is due to the manner in which the death or eventual murder of Goody coupled with the severing of Jocelin from all other members of the church body such as Pangall as the â€Å"rope† which once â€Å"bound† them together has since been â€Å"cut†, even prior to his disappearance. In this manner it seems that all of Jocelin's â€Å"old friends† now scorn or cease contact with him as a result of his blinding ambition. As such, once Goody is no longer alive for Jocelin to lust after and all others have deserted him, the eventual end of his life cannot be far off. Golding therefore uses an intense and diverse array of methods through which to display and enhance every facet of the relationship. As such allowing it to be interpreted and moulded by the reader so that it may be deemed to signify, any meanings ranging from the pedestrian to the fantastic.

Implementation and evaluation plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implementation and evaluation plan - Assignment Example The evidences focus on the systematic reviews of the recommendation and literature according to evidence level, using criteria that are pre-defined. The treatment lines are flagged out based on methods that included expert clinical support and evidence. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) have the most evidence efficiently. Additionally, both maintenance and acute MDD phases, and have undergone study in combination with the anti-depressants. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is well researched in connection with bibliography and Computer-Developed methods. The evidence of Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis Systems of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Activation are significant. However, the evidences need replication. Modern psychotherapies that include Commitment Therapy and Acceptance, Motivational Interviewing, and Mind-fullness-Based Cognitive therapy have no relevant evidence as psychodynamics therapy and acute treatments. Although various forms of psychotherapy have been studied, only a few types have been subjected to evaluation in RCTs. Evidence of combination of various kinds of antidepressant and psychotherapy medication is confined despite the vast use of the therapies concomitantly. Lamotrigine is appropriate to the client's problem because according to RCT, almost half of the patients responded positively. This is two times experienced with the placebo group according to level 1 (22, 23). Additionally, recent RCT in clients who responded positively on bipolar depression under lithium revealed that Lamotrigine add-on is superior compared to placebo add-on when used to treat depressive symptoms. This is evident by greater rise in the MADRS scores. According to large RCT, combining olanzapine and fluoxetine is slightly but significantly better compared to lamotrigine immunotherapy. However, Lamotrigine is highly tolerated. Combination of fluoxetine and Olanzapine was linked with statistical significance and positive results in maniac a nd depressive systems when compared to Lamotrigine. On the other hand, the size of its effect was small, and no difference was recorded in their response rate. According to the guidelines of 2005 bipolar, only a single RCT had shown antidepressant efficiency of quetiapine monotherapy in treating bipolar depression (25). Its rate of remission was 52.9 percent in the group consuming 600mg per day and 300 mg per day of quetiapine relative to 28.4% for placebo (Sagar et al., 2009). At earlier stages of testing, quetiapine monotherapy was thought to be immature as an antipsychotic depressant for bipolar. The second RCT confirmed the efficiency of quetiapine monotherapy (26). The study recommended quetiapine monotherapy as bipolar depression first-line option. Further evaluations (25) showed an improvement in health-related standard of life. Client's input can be obtained by conducting a randomized controlled trial. This involves assessing a period's systematic intervention program. This includes carrying out a psycho education program of structured group, monthly telephone evaluation and monitoring of medication adherence and mood symptoms, feedback during the treatment of mental health providers. Additionally, facilitate proper follow-up care and as-required crisis and outreach intervention. The patients can be monitored by augmenting their self-management skill through psycho education. Consequently, the decision support of the provider by

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment Research Paper

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment - Research Paper Example Hybrids, formally referred to as hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), infer automobiles powered by both petroleum products and electricity. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) employ a number of power sources to fuel movement. In the case of HEVs, the automobiles may be propelled by a combination of traditional gasoline or diesel with an electric battery that can be plugged in a peripheral power source (Anderson and Anderson 115). Electricity mainly supplements petroleum products as a prime power source, which in turn, yields fewer emissions and an enhanced gas mileage. The overriding perception within the car market industry is that hybrid or electric cars are environmentally benign. To some extent this is true as there are several benefits to purchasing a hybrid car; however, one should be conscious of some of the potential negative environmental influences of hybrid cars. If one takes the overall environmental cost of a vehicle right from design to its dismantling or recycling, hybrid-electric vehicles do not reasonably match the hype that they are presently getting (Phukidides par.1). Although hybrids are perceived as clean technology by a majority of people, hybrids with an internal combustion engine still generate pollutants to the environment. Similarly, the electricity generated to recharge the batteries and power the vehicles may be produced through â€Å"dirty technology† such as burning fossil fuels. The long-term impacts of hybrid cars to the environment include destructive impacts of battery waste disposals, and landfill contributions. Disposing of the batteries when they have outlived their worth also poses some environmental risks. Moreover, the metal components used in making the batteries may be processed and manufactured with diverse degrees of environmental risks (Anderson and

Feasibility Study (ABC fast food restaurant in Cambrige) Research Paper

Feasibility Study (ABC fast food restaurant in Cambrige) - Research Paper Example The paper dwells upon ABC Fast Food. It is a small domestic fast food outlet in Cambridge which is intended to transform itself into a fast food restaurant by means of innovative and resourceful strategies. The food point is registered with Department of Food and Live Stock. ABC Fast Food is furnishing a mixture of wonderful foodstuff and it has a future plan to offer unparallel food at rational rates with entertaining environment. ABC will address the general public for local recipes, Italian dishes, as well as Chinese and Indian food. The major aim is to offer the customers with highest quality services and products to keep them staying again and again. ABC believes that by getting crucial financial support through its sale within two years, it will be able to capture 10-20% of the fast food market in Cambridge. The restaurant has estimated that it will enjoy a 37.3% profit for its investment by the end of April, 2013. Cambridge Demography The UK whole population consists of 19% of age less than 16 years, 65% between 17 to 65 years and 16% of over 65%. Cambridge total population 105,162 is currently ranked as 64th in UK. The 16.4% of its population consists of under 18, 69.7% belong to age group between 19 to 60 years, while rest of 13.9% are over 60 (Statistical Profile, 2011). The population consists of 73.8% of White British, 1.3% of White Irish, 9.8% of White Other, 2.2% of Mixed Race, 5.5% of British Asian, 5.1% of Chinese and others and 2.3% of Black British. The strength of college and graduate students is 22,580. The per capita income in Cambridge is $67,297 (Statistical Profile, 2011). The University of Cambridge established in 1209, is the 2nd oldest university in UK and 4th oldest in the Europe. The university consists of 18396 students (undergraduate 12,018 and postgraduate 6,378) and 8614 employees. The student strength of Cambridge University is about 14.75% of the total population of the city. By 2016, the population of the

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Business - Research Proposal Example However, argues some authors, motivation is essential in fostering impression management and relationships in an organization. While others believe the environmental compulsions has a become powerful antecedents that necessitate proactive participation of the workforce in the change process. Various scholars emphasize the importance of Guanxi that significantly influences the didactic relationship between the leader and a worker in an organization. Others believe employee commitment, extra effort, leadership effectiveness and satisfaction with the leader have a positive relationship with LMX. LMG (guanxi) has mixed effects on the turnover. In connection to this, the broad objective of this research is to examine the critical success factor of employees’ outcome turnover among the private enterprises of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the sample size of 300 respondents randomly selected from three institutions representing the private sector will be issued with questionnaires and subjected to interviews. Qualitative data analysis will be used to analyses the collected data and represented through graphs, pie charts, and tables. The study will be highly significant for private sector in Saudi Arabia, in addressing the high employee turnover. Saudi Arabia is an important part of the Arab World and the Middle East as a regional power especially economic Zhou (2008). This can be demonstrated by the development of infrastructure, like a road network, and the effectiveness they exude in the region and the most conspicuous fast growing multinational organizations. Saudi Arabia’s characteristics in the determination of social developments and modernization methods have been influenced by the national conditions of history and reality. In the wake of this economic development, of most importance is the synergy developed between the

Marketing assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing assessment - Essay Example For the purpose of fulfilling its motto of quality customer service, Etihad Airways provides its travelers with comfortable and convenient lounge services. The lounges are build using warm services and a well-appointed interior which provides its customers a luxurious and comfortable flight to their destinations. The method of SWOT Analysis is a technique of strategic planning utilized to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats which are the part of the current project. It pertains to the specifying of project objective and identification of external and internal factors which have been positive and adverse in the achievement of the project objectives. Etihad Airways has built well-furnished, luxurious lounges for its travelers in Abu Dhabi and all around the world. These lounges have spa, refreshment rooms, five start dining, a well-stocked library and other services for its customers. Price is the key element of marketing mix which generates revenues from sale. Besides this, all other elements constitute costs for the business. The element of price is fixed by discovering the customer’s perception regarding the value of item to be

Network Gaming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Network Gaming - Essay Example Likewise, after a stressful day, anyone can connect to the online gaming network to release stress and get entertained. The infrastructure provides a collaborative interface that connects one or more participants. As the Internet users are increasing, online gaming industry is also gaining popularity. In 2004, multi-player online games generated billions of revenue. A report related to online games was published in 2004. It demonstrated that 300 online games development companies have produced 175 online games, having 20 million players. Moreover, the report also illustrated that only a single online game named as â€Å"World of Warcraft† has generated $700 million via monthly subscription fee with 4 million subscribers around the world (Yeung, John Lui 2008). Massively Multiuser Online Game (MMOG) or massively multiplayer online (MMO) is an online computer played by many people on the Internet. Likewise, MMOG differs from traditional online games due to its everlasting enviro nment. Anyone can join in between the game and at anytime (Mmog. 2011). There is no limit, as thousands of people can connect to MMOG’s. Popularity of MMOG has attracted attention of console video games, software engineers, researchers, organizations and media (Putzke, Fischbach et al. 2010). The hardware architecture of MMOG is partitioned via different hosed game servers. These servers store different worlds that are divided in many portions. The players are charged with a monthly subscription fee for unlimited gaming, as each game is connected with hundreds or thousands of players. Some of the games based on MMOG are Star wars, Everquest and lineage (, IBM Research - Online Games Research). However, other online games are also available. For instance, games based on First-person Shooter (FPS) or Server-based Games, low latency action games, online console action games, peer-to-peer games, mobile games etc. There is a limited amount of research that is conducted for network gaming and MMOG (, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. - CyberPsychology & Behavior - 6(1):81). Likewise, research shows different approaches to protect MMOG and online gaming from security threats. For instance, any user can hack the gaming network to crash the server or use fake subscriptions credentials. This paper will highlight research and study in the context of network gaming and MMOG. Justifying Lags Although the portions of an online multi player game are hosted in different servers, there are still issues related to inconsistency of game play and experience. As thousands of players are connected from all around the world, a mechanism is required for a smooth multi player online game play experience. A research was conducted to overcome this issue. A proposed framework was implemented in order to analyze and control the hot spot region. Three contributors that were implemented in this study are (Zheng Da 2009) : Analytical model is presented for abstracting the operations from an asso ciated point-to-point multi player online gaming platform. Likewise, the model was presented to quantify delays and analyze inconsistency (Zheng Da 2009) A definition for the concept of consistency was proposed altogether with inconsistency rates in the context of computing and distinctiveness along with activities of the player. By concluding from the numeric results in conjunction with the models, the researchers proved that if the system becomes slow for a longer period,

Demutualisation of Insurance Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Demutualisation of Insurance Companies - Essay Example It is advantageous to the members as shares can be traded in the equity or stock markets while the membership rights in the mutual companies can not be traded. Thus demutualisation increases the possibility for the involved parties to make profits and at the same time benefit the economy as a whole. Demutualisation was originally used to signify this specific conversion process of the insurance companies. However this term is being used more broadly to describe the process of conversion of any member-owned organisation to become shareholder owned. Conversion of London Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange are some of the classic examples in the direction of demutualisation of companies other than insurance companies. The demutualisation of insurance companies is undertaken pursuant a plan of conversion approved by the policyholders and the state legislators Demutualization Claims Clearing House). In the case of mutual life policyholders a time of conversion they may receive stock, cash and/or policy credits in lieu of their ownership rights in the old mutual insurance company. In some cases the compensation is limited only to the subscription rights to acquire shares in the newly formed company. In some other cases the membership rights are transferred to a Mutual Holding Company (MHC) which owns a newly formed subsidiary stock insurance company. In the context of th... These changes include: (1) The traditional life insurance products of life coverage and risk transfers were not favourably looked into by the consumers over the period of time. The consumers showed considerable preference in the wealth management/annuity business which showed good potential for new growth opportunities. (2) The large scale deregulation of the financial services industry with the passing of Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in the year 1999 eliminated the barriers between the commercial banking, insurance business and the investment banking which paved the way for combining all the business in one entity (3) The modifications brought about in the Internal Revenue Codes abolished the tax advantages which were hitherto available to a mutual insurer and (4) There were a number of foreign insurance companies that showed interest in the insurance market of the United States which changed the structure of the insurance companies Similar circumstances prevailed in the European economies augmented the need for conversion of the insurance companies to stock companies from their original form of mutual companies with the membership of policyholders. Mutual Companies and Stock Companies In a mutual life insurance company the company is owned by the policyholders that make them both insureds and insurers. The policyholders are vested with the right to vote to elect the members of the Board of Directors and also to receive the policy dividends. In the event of insolvency and dissolution, they are also entitled to receive the sale proceeds of the assets of the company. The policyholders as members of the mutual company can have their insurance at the lowest possible cost. They do not have to share the profits of the company

The bad effects of plastic on humans Research Paper

The bad effects of plastic on humans - Research Paper Example This is because it is non-biodegradable hence an environmental pollutant (Vogel, 2013). It is not only an environmental pollutant, but it has harmful effects to humans. This paper discusses the various dangers plastic presents to humans. Effects of Plastic on Children Most of children toys and equipments, such as baby bottles and teething rings, are made of plastic. They therefore contain phthalates that soften plastics, and Bisphenol A, which makes the hard clear plastics (Schierow, (2011). The children readily consume these chemicals through ingestion. The entry of these toxic chemicals in their body system leads to suppression of hormones in their body system. This therefore results in underdevelopment of some of their body organs. Small exposures to these chemicals have the same effect as when there is a large exposure because of their small body mass (Hochberg, 2012). Effects of Burning Plastic As a method of disposing plastic materials in the homestead, people opt for burning. Burning of plastics emits dangerous gases which, inhaled, may increase the probability of suffering from heart attacks, asthma, emphysema, rashes and nausea among others. Burning of polystyrene polymers, for example the yoghurt containers, leads to production of styrene which when absorbed through the skin may damage the mucous membrane and the eyes. Plastics containing PVC are the most dangerous since the toxic dioxins emitted when burning them is carcinogenic (Vogel, 2013). Some of the waste from the burning of plastic persists for long periods in the environment. As a result, the wind blows them into the water bodies or various sections of the land. The persistent pollutants are therefore able to bio-accumulate, hence are able to increase in quantity in water bodies, contaminated water and food. The exposure of humans to these pollutants is through consumption of animals that consume the products from the water bodies, for example fish may consume mercury-contaminated water (Knig ht, 2012). This may lead to health problems such as cancer, deformation of their children, failure of reproducing, and immune diseases. Impact of Littering Plastic Littering plastics in the environment also have negative effects on our land. It increases the level of land and water pollution. Their disposal on land leads to the degradation of land, where the land reduces its capacity of food production. They block the absorption of water and mineral soils hence lessen the growth of plants and trees (Schierow, (2011). Disposal of a large mass of plastics in the environment can cause landslides, which may cause death of humans. In water, they attract the persistent organic pollutants, which are hydrophobic (Hsieh et al., 2004). They are therefore able to spread the pollutants into the clean environment, where they gain contact with wildlife. Consumption of these wastes leads to health problems such as infertility, deformation of offspring and respiratory problems, which may lead to de ath (Vogel, 2013). Wildlife may also consume the small pieces of plastic that may cause death of wildlife. The increase of death of wildlife reduces the number of tourist attractions, therefore reducing the level of income in the country. Effects of Industrial Production of Plastic Manufacture of plastics leads to emission of large quantities of carbon monoxide, which readily oxidizes to carbon dioxide. Due to the

Bahamian Society Essay Example for Free

Bahamian Society Essay Issues That Arise In Bahamian Society When Educated Bahamians Decide To Live In Other Countries The Bahamas is in danger of being overtaken by foreigners. Although this statement is fallacious in context, many Bahamians today would not necessarily disagree with it. That, inevitably though, is a situation that the Bahamas can be faced with if educated Bahamians continue to migrate to other countries at a high rate. This migration, better known by the term ‘Brain Drain,’ is and will always be a part of society where educated people leave their native developing countries and seek out more wealthy, opportunistic countries. As noted in the article Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries, â€Å"nearly one in 10 tertiary-educated adults born in the developing world — between a third and half of the developing worlds science and technology personnel — now live in the developed world† (Sriskandarajah). Although the idea of moving to a more wealthy country can be beneficial to the Bahamians that are migrating personally, there are some problems that can arise in the Bahamian society as a result of this. When educated Bahamians decide to live in countries outside the Bahamas, it can hamper development in the country, effect family relationships, and can leave the country vulnerable to foreign manipulation. Educated Bahamians are needed in the Bahamas to further develop the country innovatively. If these Bahamians decide to migrate to other countries, then there could grow to be a great discrepancy in the overall progress of development in the Bahamas because of their absence in the labour force. According to Simon in the article, Bring Home Bahamian Talent, getting access to those skilled Bahamians living abroad and their resourcefulness is crucial to the National Development of the Bahamas (par 3). The Bahamas cannot continue to primarily focus on tourism as its major contributor to the economy when the amount of competition present in the Caribbean continues to grow and major tourism contributing countries such as the United States of America are still recovering from a drastic recession. Komolafe affirms that, â€Å"We must expand our industries to provide job and entrepreneurship opportunities for Bahamians outside of tourism and financial services, which are heavily dependent upon the stability and prosperity of the U.S., E.U. and Canadian economies† (Par 9). This is one of the reasons why Intelligent Bahamians with an entrepreneurship mindset are needed in the Bahamas. In the article, The Bahamian Business Structure: A New Look at our Economy, it states that â€Å"this country (the Bahamas) already has a long history of entrepreneurship and capital formation† (Coulson). Bahamians with this entrepreneurship mentality and drive are the leaders that the Bahamas must retain and motivate to create new business ventures and develop more innovative opportunities for themselves as well as for other Bahamians to find meaningful employment. Family relationships are also affected when educated Bahamians leave their native country and migrate to other countries. Communication is a key factor when dealing with this situation. A household can be greatly affected when, for instance, a parent migrates to another country seeking employment, and leaves their husband/wife in the Bahamas to be a single parent. Even though there might be constant verbal communication between the migrated parent and his/her family, if the overseas job becomes demanding time wise, their absence will be felt in the home and can put an emotional strain on the relationship of the family. That lack of a proper family structure and guidance can also affect the children as they can become susceptible to the influence of society and their peers. This correlation is important because when children become exposed to the realities of society such as violence and peer pressure that is where some can fall astray. Juvenile delinquency is becoming an increasingly serious social ill in the Bahamas whereas, for instance the article, Jveniles Accused of Crimes Jumped 79% in 09, notes that â€Å"The number of juveniles accused of committing crimes in 2009 increased dramatically by almost 80 percent compared to 2008, according to Acting Director of Rehabilitative and Welfare Services Quintin Gray.† Another issue that can be caused by the absence of educated Bahamians in the Bahamas is that it can create an opportunity for foreigners to stream into the Bahamas. This can become a situation that foreign countries seeking to make bonds and gain ties with the Bahamas and its government can take advantage of. Although this idea does not seem detrimental on the surface, the implications of it can lead to corruption and foreign manipulation in the Bahamas. With foreign direct investment on the rise year after year, â€Å"inflows to the Bahamian economy increased by 48.7 per cent to $977 million during 2010,† the Government must realize that such a heavy reliance on foreign influences increases the vulnerability of the Bahamas (Hartnell). Many major tourism projects such as Baha Mar and the new Thomas A. Robinson stadium are being heavily funded by foreign investments which at some point in time must be compensated for by the government. As quoted in the article, Bahamas ‘Polarised By A Dual Economy’, These foreign policies have created a dual economy: foreign economy and the Bahamian economy, where the former is dominant and rising, and the latter is subordinate and sinking† (Hartnell). With the government in full support of foreign direct investment the advantages of being a foreigner in the Bahamian marketplace seems to outweigh that of being a local Bahamian looking to enter and prosper in this marketplace. In conclusion, in order to reduce the chances of these problems caused in the Bahamian Society when educated Bahamians migrate to other countries, the Bahamian government must find a solution that would encourage educated Bahamians to want to stay in the Bahamas and assist with the economic growth of the country. Also, these intelligent Bahamians who have and will eventually leave the Bahamas and migrate to another country should understand that the Bahamas does have the opportunities available to support their creative ideas and The Bahamas, being one of the richest independent countries in the Caribbean, is a place where they can find prosperity and a satisfactory place for employment. The Bahamas is considered a part of the ‘Developing world’ for a reason, it is still in the process of growth and finding its identity in the global marketplace, thus requiring those locals that are highly educated and trained to produce for their country and take the leadership role. Works Cited â€Å"Bring Home Bahamian Talent.† Bahama Pundit. 9 Nov. 2010. 14 Feb. 2012 http://www.bahamapundit.com/2010/11/bring-home-bahamian-talent.html#more Coulson Richard. â€Å"The Bahamian Business Structure: A New Look at our Economy.† The Nassau Institute. 12 July. 2003. 17 Feb. 2012 http://www.nassauinstitute.org/articles/article370.php Hartnell Neil â€Å"Bahamas polarised by a dual economy.† The Tribune. 8 Oct. 2009. 15 Feb. 2012 http://www.tribune242.com/10082009_Invest_business_Page1-4 Hartnell Neil. â€Å"Foreign Investment Rises 49% To $977M.† The Tribune. 28 July. 2011. 15 Feb. 2012 http://www.tribune242.com/business/07282011_Invest_business_Page1-2 â€Å"Juveniles accused of crimes jumped 79% in 09.† 6 May. 2010. 19 Feb. 2012 http://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/1839/Juveniles_accused_of_crimes_jumped_79_in_09.html Komolafe Arinthia. â€Å"The Bahamian Dream Pt.1.† The Nassau Guardian. 20 Jan. 2012. 15 Feb 2012 http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=22023:the-bahamian-dream-pt1catid=49:op-edItemid=86 Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan. â€Å"Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries.† Migration Information Source. Aug. 2005. 17 Feb. 2012 http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=324

Pollution in India

Pollution in India Most Indian cities are experiencing rapid urbanization and a majority of the Indias population is expected to live in cities within a span of next two decades. The rapid development in urban India has also resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles and in some cities this has doubled in the last decade. Which is the main source of air pollution and poor ambient air quality impacting millions of citizens. This report presents a review of the main causes of this phenomenon and the various measures adopted for their reduction. Also, cleaner fuels have been introduced along with improved emission control devices. Future strategies like use of alternative fuels and spreading awareness amongst citizens will further help reduce emissions that led to air pollution. Introduction India has the worst air pollution in the entire world, and this problem has attracted special attention in India due to the increase in population, industrialisation and urbanisation. Air pollution has been just below , tobacco smoking, indoor air pollution, blood pressure, diabetes among the top ten killers. This phenomenal has affected many aspects in India and the most crucial aspect is the health side of it population. However, Indians government has made huge steps to reduce the consequences and spread knowledge between citizens. Air Pollution Natural component of fresh air are consist of 78.1 percent Nitrogen, 21 percent Oxygen, 0.95 percent Argon and 0.04 percent Carbon di-oxide. When these typical percentage of air component irregular due to the influence of several ruinous gases then our surrounding environment become polluted. There are some example of harmful elements of air like hydrocarbon gases, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen and some greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and many more.http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00905/toxic_air3_905565g.jpg What Causes Air Pollution? Air pollution caused directly through use of electricity, fuels, and transportation. http://www.drishtikone.com/wp-content/uploads/Pollutants.png Increase in industrial activity India has made fast strides in industrialisation, and it is one of the ten most industrialised nations worldwide. However this status, has brought with it unwanted and unexpected consequences such as unplanned urbanisation and pollution. Domestic pollution Pollution from different types of cooking using coal, fuel wood, and other  biomass fuels contributes to some extent, to the overall pollution load in urban areas. Electricity Major reason to increase pollution in the air is the industrial emissions because burning fossil fuel to produce electricity emissions about 40% of carbon dioxide and many harmful gases. Power plants India and specifically Delhi produces much of its electricity depending on different coal-fired plants for industries and supplying for Delhis major projects. http://respromask.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/three-wheelers-india1.jpg?w=288h=198 Transportation Vehicles contribute up to 35% of air pollution in the large cities of India like Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai .Also, Engine exhaust (diesel and gas) carries more than 40 dangerous air pollutants. Vehicular Pollution Between 1951 and 2011, the urban population has multiplied, from 62.4 million to 377.1 million, and its percentage has increased from 17.3% to 31.16%. In 1991, there were 18 cities with a population of over 1 million, in 2012 this is estimated to expand  to 46 cities . This rapid increase in unplanned urban population has resulted in an increase in consumption patterns and a higher demand for transport and energy. Between 2005-2006,there were about 8.9 million vehicles sold and it reach 15 million in 2010-2011 which show that the number of vehicles sold in India is increasing fast during the past few years. And as studies shows that when the number of vehicles increased that lead to increase of harmful emissions which will finally be so affected in air quality(air pollution).In addition, vehicles are estimated to be the responsible of producing about 70% of CO2, 50% of HC,30-40% of NOx,30% of SPM and 10% of SO2 of the overall air pollution in cities. The most air pollution rise in Indian cities Despite the fact that the 51 Indian cities suffer from an extreme high level of air pollution, Bangalore , Mumbai ,Nagpur ,Hyderabad and Pune are certainly topping the list. Also, all 51 Indian cities dont meet the prescribed Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) levels, specified under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). As researches shows that Bangalore have the most rise in air pollution , then Pune coming after and Hyderabad, Nagpur and Mumbai respectively are the next three position.C:UsershpDesktopME!Principles Environmenttal ScCase Study30_11_pg10a.jpg Kanpur and Delhi are the most polluted cities in India. (According to the national summary report on air quality monitoring and emission inventory for Indian cities of the Ministry of Environment and Forest) Effects Outdoor air pollution has emerged as a major health risk in developing countries, contributing to some 3.2 million premature deaths worldwide and 74 million years of healthy life lost in 2010 and India is particularly at risk. Delhi population directly hit by air pollution Decaying air quality in India can transform into 3,000 additional premature deaths annually because of diseases related to air pollution . Delhi government, estimated that about 55 per cent of Delhis population is directly affected by air pollution as they live in a radius of 500 meters of urban roads where pollution level was found to be maximum. Health Impacts of Air Pollution Increase in mortality due to urban air pollution. Induction or revival of diseases. Respiratory illness / disorders. Systemic Immune alterations. Cardiovascular problems. Brain damage. Retardation of fetal growth. Increases prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms. Fact Bangalore holds the title of being the asthma capital of the country. Studies estimate that 10 per cent of Bangalores population and over 50 per cent of its children below 18 years suffer from air pollution- related ailments. Chennai: Exhaust from vehicles, dust from construction debris, industrial waste, burning of municipal and garden waste are all on the rise in the city. So are respiratory diseases, including asthma. Pune: air pollution in Pune has become a serious problem. The respiratory suspended particulate matter in the air is more than the standard national level. About 93,000 commercial properties which include hotels, malls and hospitals emit 204 tone every year. Children the target {Both in rural urban areas, children are the most vulnerable group due to} Lower breathing zone. Greater oxygen consumption. More susceptible target organs. Immunity not fully operational. Environmental impacts Environmental impacts are not limited to local air quality, but global climate change as well. Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicular traffic damage the ozone layers on a global level and also have local impacts. Increased greenhouse gas emissions damage nearby soil, vegetation, forest areas, aquatic systems, and groundwater . With two-thirds of Indias population depending directly on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, and forestry , it is essential that these problems are totally researched and addressed in the near future. Air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels like coal and diesel has contributed to a worrisome slowdown in rice harvest growth in India in the past two decades. How to reduce air pollution Major efforts needed to reduce air pollution A lot of effort is needed in reducing emission of pollutants and greenhouses gases to improve the quality of air. Predict Air quality is required to provide information to the public to help them manage their health and welfare better. Modern day fuel alternatives for nations keen on becoming energy independent Modern life is closely associated with the need to reduce risk and enhance dependability. Concern for a fleetly-depleting environment has also caused a interest in the emergence of substitute fuels. The aim is to notch fewer vehicle emissions that contribute to smog, air pollution. Green Court launched India launched a green court on October 19, 2010 to make polluters pay damages as it steps up its policing of the countrys environmental laws. India was only the third country in the world after Australia and New Zealand to set up such a court. This is the first step of its kind in India to apply the polluter pays principle and the principle of sustainable development. India switches over to cleaner petrol and diesel The country has fully switched over to cleaner Euro-III and Euro-IV petrol and diesel. Indias tough new rules to fight air pollution The government has almost reduce the acceptable limits for polluting gases to the half, gases like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. The key bits are that residential and industrial areas will have the same limits. After a long gap of 15 years we have notified the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. It brings the air quality standards to European levels and in many cases it even exceeds the standards in the USA. Consequences of these standards will be on clean fuel and this will have major implications on Green House gas emission as well, said Jairam Ramesh, Environment Minister. Kolkata begins clean-air campaign Kolkata began its campaign to clean up its air with 1500 policemen taking to the streets to seize polluting buses, taxis and autos. Conclusion Urban air pollution has long been a serious problem in the India , reflecting both the importance of highly polluting industries for the national economy and political factors such as the low priority of environmental issues and lack of public participation. Also, it affecting every things including environment such as public health in India is in serious risk and environmental impact on the climate which is a important factor for agriculture that Indians depend on for living. However , Indian government has some solutions ,for example switching to a cleaner fuel, set rules to reduce the emissions , and do campaign to spread knowledge about the effects of pollution and about how they can personally help out will be important to create a culture that values the environment. Resources 1) www.gits4u.com 2) www.indyatour.com 3) www.ipcbee.com 4) www.articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com 5) www.ndtv.com 6) ww.twocircles.net 7)www.drew-urban-travels.blogspot.com 8)www.pals.in 9) www.rrcap.ait 10) www.theicct.org

High Level Design (HLD)

High Level Design (HLD) High level design High level design (HLD) gives the complete system design of functional architecture and database design. For the developers it is very much important to understand how the flow of the system is. In this phase the system design team testers team and the customers plays an important role. For this entry criteria are required the document that is SRS and the then exit criteria will be high level design, projects standards, functional design documents, and the database design documents. Problem specification Data has to be processed in a effective and efficient way. Time consumption should be less. Easy to implement. Data Definition/ Dictionary Data dictionary is a repository that contains all the description of all data produced by the application. It is an organization listing of all data elements that are pertinent to the system. Tables Tables For Colud Sever 1 FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY FName Varchar 30 primary Sk Int 10 Owner Varchar 30 CloudName Varchar 15 Table 5.1: Owner File [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Vm Int 10 primary Owner Varchar 20 Memory Int 10 Thrushold Int 10 Status Varchar 30 AttackerIP Int 10 Attempts Int 10 Table 5.2: Virtual Memory1 [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY FileName Varchar 30 primary Owner Varchar 20 Sk Int 10 Table 5.3: CloudFile1 Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Owner Varchar 30 primary FileName Varchar 20 Sk Int 10 Table 5.4: Receive File1 Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY RemoteUser Varchar 30 primary Owner Varchar 20 Table 5.5: Remote File Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Attacker Varchar 30 primary AttackerName Varchar 20 IP-Address Int 10 Table 5.6: Attacker1 Table [Table Design] Tables For Cloud Sever 2 FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Vm Int 10 primary Owner Varchar 20 Memory Int 10 Thrushold Int 10 Status Varchar 30 AttackerIP Int 10 Attempts Int 10 Table 5.7: Virtual Memory2 Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY FileName Varchar 30 primary Owner Varchar 20 Sk Int 10 Table 5.8: Cloud File2 Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Owner Varchar 30 primary FileName Varchar 20 Sk Int 10 Table 5.9: Receive File2 Table [Table Design] Remote File2 Table FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY RemoteUser Varchar 30 primary Owner Varchar 20 Table 5.10: Remote File2 Table [Table Design] FIELD NAME DATA TYPE SIZE KEY Attacker Varchar 30 primary AttackerName Varchar 20 IP-Address Int 10 Table 5.11: Attacker2 Table [Table Design] Assumptions and dependencies The user should know the authentication details to prevent the unauthorized access of the system. The user must be aware of the government rules and regulations that are to be implemented on the terms. The user must be aware of the flow at which the process of system takes place. Low level design Low level design (LLD) is like detailing the High level design. It defines the real logic for each and the each every component of the system. Class diagrams with the methods and relation between the classes comes under the low level design. The main phase of the object oriented approach is as follows:- Object modeling Dynamic modeling Object modeling Object modeling technique describes a method for the analysis, design, and implementation of a system using an object-oriented technique. Object modeling technique consists of four phases, which can be performed iteratively are Analysis, system design, object design, implementation Dynamic modeling The dynamic model describes the functionalities involved in the project and the person performing those functionalities. Following are the different kind of dynamic diagrams namely; Use case, Sequence, Activity diagrams. Use case diagram Ause case diagramis the simple and it is a represented as the user’s interaction with the system and describes the specifications of ause case. A use case diagram can represent the different kinds of users of a system and the different ways that they will interact with the system. Such diagrams is typically used in conjunction with the textualuse caseas well as it will often be accompanied by other kinds of diagrams. It is the high level piece of functionality that the system provides. An actor is one who interacts with the system. This Use Case diagrams are included into two modeling languages defined by the Object Management Group (OMG). Both the UML and SysML standards define a graphical notation for modeling use cases with diagrams. One complain is that they will not define the format for depicting these use cases. Generally both the graphical notation and the descriptions are very important as they document the use case and it is showing the reason for which an actor uses a system. The use case diagram shows the place of use case with the other use cases. As organizing the mechanism a set of consistent and coherent use cases promotes important figure of system behavior and have a common understanding between the customer or owner or user and the development team. Sequence diagrams Asequence diagramis a kind ofinteraction diagramthat shows how processes is operated with one another and in what order the processes is operated. It is the construction of aMessage Sequence Chart. A sequence diagram shows how the object interaction is arranged in time sequence. It describes the objects and classes which is involved in the scenario as well as in the sequence of messages that has been exchanged between the objects and it is needed to carry out the functions of the scenario. Sequence diagrams are typically mixed with use case in the Logical View of the system in the development. Sequence diagrams are calledevent diagrams orevent scenarios andtiming diagrams. A sequence diagram shows the parallel vertical lines (lifelines), the different processes or objects that live parallel and the horizontal arrow. The messages exchanged between them in an order in which they have occurred. This allows the specification of simple runtime in a graphical manner. Sequence diagrams Create the account Account Acceptance res Upload the file File received confirmation Create the End User account Account confirmation Request the file File request confirmation File sending response VM’s details Threshold Details Account details Figure 5.2 : Sequence diagrams Activity diagram Activity diagrams is a graphical representations of flow of work of steps that have taken in the activities and actions with support for choice and interact and concurrency. In the UML activity diagrams are intends to for both the computational and also for the organizational processes (i.e. workflows).. Activity diagrams 1 Figure 5.3 : Activity diagrams 1 Activity diagrams 2 Figure 5.4 : Activity diagrams 2 Functional modeling Afunction modelorfunctional modelinsystems engineeringandsoftware engineering is a structured representation of thefunctions(activities,actions,processes,operations) within the modeledsystemor subject area. A function model, similar with theactivity modelorprocess model, is a graphical representation of anenterprises function within a defined scope. The main purposes of the function model is to describe the functions and processes, and help with discovery of information needs and also help to identify opportunities, and establish a basis for determine the product and the actual service costs. Data flow diagram Adata flow diagram(DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through aninformation system modeling its process. The step is used to create an overall view of the system which can be elaborated later. DFDs are also used for visualizationofdata processing(structured design). A DFD shows what type of information will be input to and what type of information will the output from the system, and from where the comes and from where it goes to, and where the data will be exactly stored in the system. It does not show information about the time of processes or gives the information about the processes will operate in parallel way or in a sequence way (which is shown on aflowchart). DFDs are the model of the proposed system. They should clearly show the requirements on which the new system should be built. Later during the design activity is taken as the basis for drawing the system’s structure charts. The Basic Notation used to create a DFD’s are as follows: 1. Dataflow: Data move in a specific direction from an origin to a destination. 2. Process: People, procedures, or devices that use or produce (Transform) Data. The physical component is not identified. 3. Source: External sources or destination of data, which may be People, programs, organizations or other entities 4. Data Store: Here data are stored or referenced by a process in the System. ER Diagram An ER model is an abstract way of describing adatabase. In the case of arelational database, which stores data in tables, some of the data in these tables point to data in other tables. It is essential to have one of these if you want to create a good database design. The patterns help focus on how the database actual works with all of the interactions and data flows. Building Blocks of Entity Diagram are: Entities: An entity is a ‘’thing† that exists and can be uniquely identià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed. Relations: A (binary) relationship type is an association between two entity types. Attributes: Attribute names (or simply attributes) are properties of entity types. The Main Advantages of Entity relation diagrams are: They are relatively simple They are user friendly They can provide a unique view of data, which is independent of any data models Module Description NICE Systems consists of following sub modules such as: Data Owner Cloud Service Provider (CSP) Virtual Machine for Cloud data storage Attack Analyzer Remote User Data Owner: Users who have the data and that have to be stored in the cloud and rely on the cloud for data computation, it consist of both the individual consumers and the organizations. Cloud Service Provider (CSP): A Cloud Service Provider (CSP) who has significant resources and who are expert in building and managing distributed cloud storage servers on different virtual machines, owns and operates live Cloud Computing systems. Virtual Machine for Cloud data storage Cloud data storage, a user will stores his data through a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) into a group of cloud servers, which are running in a simultaneous, the user interacts with the cloud servers via CSP to access or retrieve his data. In some cases, the user may need to perform block level operations on his data. Users should be equipped with security means so that they can make continuous correctness assurance of their stored data even without the existence of local copies. The cloud consists of different Virtual machines on which the owner data will be allocated and shared and the cloud will listen the different types of attackers called Stable. There does not exist any known vulnerability on the VM. Vulnerable. Presence of one or more vulnerabilities on a VM, which remains unexploited.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

To Kill A Mockingbird Courage, the mental or morale strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty, is displayed in many different ways throughout Harper Lee ¹s only published novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. To some, the courage manifested by the characters in this book is either offensive, or frivolous, but to those who realize the true meaning of this word, the fortitude and bravery exhibited by certain individuals is considered uncustomary. In fact, To Kill A Mockingbird revolves around courage, as the author of this book describes Jem and Scout ¹s (the two main character ¹s in the story) childhoods living in Maycomb County, and how, as they grow older , they learn to realistically define heroism. To distinct courage in this book however, is not an easy task to accomplish, for typically, courage is displayed in the smallest or most unnoticeable fashions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus, a man who provides the morale guidelines in the story, and also Scout and Jem ¹s father, demonstrates courage in a variation of different ways, but the biggest of all the tasks that he had to overcome was when he was given the opportunity to defend Tom Robinson in court. Atticus did not treat this litigation such as any other case that he had ever dealt with before, for he new that this one would most likely change his life. The reason: Tom Robinson was a Negro. At the time, segregation was very common among the citizens of his town, and therefore he knew that he stood no chance in winning this indictment, especially based upon the fact that Robinson was charged with a transgression such as rape. Atticus was courageous in this situation for many different reasons, but mainly because he stood up for what he believed in; in this case it was that blacks should have equal rights as whites in a court of law. A quote that fascinated me while reading this book was:  ³Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win. ²(p76) Atticus was the one to have said this, showing his acknowledgment of the fact that he was going to be on the losing end of the lawsuit. Still, he prepared for this case, willingly putting his heart into it, disregarding the insults and attacks thrown in his direction by white supremacists. Although he lost, he came out victorious in the end, as he receiv... ...asing the amount of time that she was spending without taking the drug. Eventually, by the time that Jem was no longer obligated to read, she had accomplished her goal; she was going to be free when she died, as she did kick her habit. A suffering and feeble woman going a month without consuming a drug that she has been addicted to for over five years is undeniably courageous. Mrs. Dubose could easily have died taking morphine to soothe her pain, but instead she did what in her mind was right, suffering for a month on earth, permitting her to be untroubled for eternity in heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Defending a Negro, resisting the temptation of fighting, and kicking a morphine addiction. All three of these acts of courage can somehow relate to the quote:  ³Real courage is when you know you ¹re licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. ²(p112) This quotes continues, implying that you rarely win, but sometimes you do, such as in Mrs. Dubose ¹s case. In both Atticus and Scout ¹s cases though, they lost, but neither winning nor losing is important, as long as inside you know you have done the right thing.

Comparing Mentoring and Coaching Essays -- Business Management Studies

Comparing Mentoring and Coaching There are some key differences between mentoring and coaching. Mentoring- is known as the transfer of wisdom and has a protà ©gà © or mentee that takes an interest in their career path. The protà ©gà © is guided and advised by the mentor who has worn the same shoes and traveled the same path, usually someone older and wiser. The mentor guides, persuades, and encourages a person to reach their full potential in life, in a position in an organization or in a career. Mentors who may be immediate superiors are helpful in career developments of the individual, and in some cases guidance is provided by executives or managers higher up in the organization. The higher level superiors guide, advise, and encourage employees of a lesser rank in these situations. On the other hand coaching is more specific for teaching of skills to the coachee or trainee. It is a transfer of skills and a one on one development of the trainee's own knowledge and thought process. It also emphasizes the development of individual and team skills, and creates a supportive environment which encourages and motivates the coachee. Coaching is on a personal level and illustrates persistently until success is achieved. The personal qualities of the coachee are developed and facilitated. GOOD MENTOR 1) A mentor needs a level of experience to reach or achieve the individual/team’s goal and need to know what the mentee is experiencing to have a level of mutual understanding between each other. This allows a better level of measurement of the mentee as they can comprehend the ‘experience’ of the mentor which will build confidence performance levels for the mentee. For example, if a mentee needs a mentor’s help in a crisis the mentee will know that they have someone there to help and not feel uncomfortable or intimidated to ask for guidance or advice. 2) Generally, a mentor is older and wiser than the mentee, and to be a good mentor means that they have the experience and knowledge to help develop the individual/team’s skills. This represents the mentor’s status or position in the organization. If the mentor seems too young, the mentee may feel intimidated and feel unsuited to the whole mentoring situation. 3) A good mentor must be supportive to the individual/team through ‘thick and thin’ situations. A mentor that doesn’t... ...o they can listen, understand and respond to each other’s input. - To be committed to the goal both the coach and coachee must remain devoted to the goal so that success will be the result. Motivation is needed in this situation to stay committed and focused on the task at hand. The coach would stay committed to their teachings of the individual or team, and the individual or team would stay committed to learn from the coaches teachings. - Mutual respect is integral to the success of a coach as both parties need to respect each other to be successful in performance. If there’s no respect, the coach will be negative towards the coachee, and the coachee will not want to listen to the coach so both parties will be worse off. This will create a negative organizational culture and may even result in employee dissatisfaction. - Empathy when working with groups or teams is important to ensure success in coaching. People need to be able to relate to each other and work closer together to build a strong and close relationship in the organization. Knowing how the other person feels about an issue will result in a positive outcome and can resolve issues effectively.

Phonics vs, the Look Say Method

Over the past decades, the decline in the rate of literacy in America has baffled many. At least 20% of high school graduates are functionally illiterate, despite the education they receive in the public school system. As these graduates enter the world reading at an elementary level, they are unable to live a normal life, which leads to poverty and can lead to delinquency and imprisonment. This decline is not only a decline of literacy, but also a decline of independence, ingenuity, and responsibility.The beginning of this decline can be traced back to a certain event in the history of the public school system: the introduction of the look say method in the 1930s. Ever since the look say method, or Whole Word instruction, took the place of phonics, the number of illiterate graduates has grown higher and higher. Evidence proves that the look say method is not sufficient to properly teach students how to read. Phonics is far superior to the look say method of learning to read. First o f all, phonics is better than the look say method of learning to read because phonics has a firmer foundation than the look say method.Phonics is based on rules that the child memorizes; therefore, when he has memorized these rules, he can read almost any word he sees. A small article by the Abeka reading programs shows many rules that are taught in phonics, such as the following: â€Å"When there is one vowel in a word, that vowel usually says its short sound† and â€Å"when there are two vowels in a word, the first vowel says its long sound, and second vowel is silent† (â€Å"Six Easy Steps to Reading,† 1). When the child learns definite rules such as these, he is more likely to apply them because he knows that they will not change.Sebastian Wren writes in his article â€Å"Developing Research-based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher,† he tells that â€Å"children are explicitly taught the ‘rules’ about the way words are written an d spelled, and they are taught spelling-sound relationships. After the teacher provides an explicit lesson in a particular Phonics rule, the child is presented with a passage text that contains many words consistent with that rule. This provides the child with an opportunity to apply each Phonics rule on a variety of words in context of the passage.The goal of the Phonics teacher, then, is to instill the children with the Phonics rules and the common spelling-sound relationships, and to teach children to apply this knowledge in sounding-out each word they encounter, making that assumption that comprehension and appreciation will be a natural consequence of accuracy† (Wren, 1). Basically, when the child is taught these rules and then given the opportunity try the rules, he will find that these rules can help him to read with ease. In contrast, the look say method has no definite rules that he can put into practice as he reads.Phonics is better than the look say method because i t has a definite set of rules that the child can apply when he reads. The look say method requires much guessing if the child does not know the word that he is trying to read. Because he has not been taught definite rules like those of the phonics method, he is unsure of how to accomplish the task of reading. In her book The Good School, Peg Tyre tells: â€Å"‘Instead of children being expected to learn individual letters by rote memory, then syllables, and finally words, they were given books with pictures of common objects.Underneath each picture was its simple name. ’ Kids were taught to derive meaning from words by memorizing the look of the words, or looking at the picture and guessing, or reviewing the context and extrapolating, instead of sounding them out† (96). Rather than being taught how to read using rules and hints, the children are taught to read by guessing what the word is based on the context. Samuel L. Blumenfeld explains in his book The New Ill iterates some of what the students are taught: â€Å"He is taught the names of seventeen consonant letters and their sound values only as appear at the beginnings of words.What phonetic value they have in the middle of words is neither considered nor discussed. The letter is taught merely as a phonetic clue to the word—one clue among several taught as word-attack skills. In fact, the child is not encouraged to use a phonetic clue until he has first exhausted context and word-form clues. If these fail him, then he is to try the phonetic clue of the initial-consonant sound† (74). Phonetic rules are not demonstrated clearly, and looking at the context to determine the word and its meaning is encouraged. However, simply guessing what the word is only makes the child unsure of himself.Phonics and its rules are far better to teach than the look say method and its guessing. Secondly, phonics is better than the look say method because it is far easier for the child to comprehe nd, conquer, and enjoy. In an article entitle â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† Sebastien Wren, Ph. D. says that the look say method is â€Å"nothing more than the rote memorization of every word in the English language† (â€Å"Whole Language vs. Phonics,† 1). The look say method basically requires the student to basically memorize every single English word in existence, an extremely difficult feat for a young person.The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics† tells that â€Å"only the smartest Chinese can memorize 20,000 of their ideograms, but Whole Word promoters expect you to memorize 50,000 to 10,000 English words. In short, Whole Word expects ordinary people to accomplish a feat that’s only possible with a photographic memory† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). A young student can hardly expect to conquer reading this way. Memorizing that many words is absolutely ludicrous when one could read them if they knew the simple r ules of phonics. Phonics is especially needed with someone who may be slow at learning.Blumenfeld writes it in his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education: â€Å"Slow learners in particular found look-say ‘overwhelmingly difficult. ’ That would explain why before look-say was adopted slow learners learned to read without great difficulty via the alphabetic phonics method† (118). The phonics method is far easier than the look say method to understand for any person. Progress with the phonics method is far more rapid than that of the look say method. The article â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics says :â€Å"Phonics, it is claimed, can teach almost all children to read by the end of first grade.The reading may be slow and halting at first, but in a few years the child is able to read ordinary books for amusement or education† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1). This is vastly more rapid than the look say method. The article continues: â€Å"In fact, few students can memorize even 300 words per year. This difficulty is confirmed all over the Internet by lists of sight words that have third grade students learning simple one-syllable words such as: bring, clean, cut, done, draw, drink, eight, fall, far, full, got, grow, hold, hot, hurt, if, and keep† (â€Å"Whole Word Versus Phonics,† 1).Students learning phonics would have conquered these words in the first grade, if not sooner. The progress of the look say method is significantly slower than that of the phonics method. Phonics is more entertaining for the child, whereas the look say method becomes dull and monotonous. Learning phonics is more interesting for the child because they are able to use the rules themselves and apply it to the words themselves. However, the look say method is very repetitious. Blumenfeld writes the following about his research in his book The New Illiterates: â€Å"Oh is repeated 138 times and see 176.Repetitions of these two words alone must equal the entire wordage of the first Pre-Primer. What a slow, tedious, monotonous way to learn two words! † (43). The look say method is dull and monotonous to the point of being just unnecessary. The children who are taught this method become extremely averse to reading because the way that they were taught is so tedious and uninteresting. Phonics is better than the look say method because it easier for the child to comprehend, conquer, and enjoy.Finally, the phonics method produces a larger number of competent, literate students than that of the look say method. Phonics gives the students a sense of definite understanding and accomplishment that can encourage them to make something of themselves. Because they feel confident, they will want to show the world what they can do. However, the reading students that the look say method produces do not feel as confident. The disappointment that this child will feel because he cannot read is acute.In his book NEA: Trojan Horse in American Education, Samuel L. Blumenfeld cites an article by Dr. Samuel T. Orton: â€Å"Faulty teaching methods may not only prevent the acquisition of academic education by children of average capacity but may also give rise to far reaching damage to their emotional life† (111). The look say method could not only cause the child to be a poor reader but also harm the child’s confidence. However, the phonics method gives the child a desire to use this ability to make a name for himself.Students who cannot read well are less likely to be productive in productive in their living. In her book The Good School: How Smart Parents Get Their Kids the Education They Deserve, Peg Tyre tells of some research on the outcome of learning the look say method: â€Å"Seventy-four percent of struggling third-grade readers still struggle in ninth grade, which in turn makes it hard to graduate from high school. Those who do manage to press on—and who manage to graduate fr om high school—often find that their dreams of succeeding in higher education are frustratingly elusive.It won’t surprise you to know that kids who struggle in reading grow up to be adults who struggle to hold on to steady work—they are more likely to experience periods of prolonged unemployment, require welfare services, and are more likely to end up in jail† (94). Learning the look say method has wrought horrible effects on the lives of many students in terms of their future. Because these students were taught how to read using the look say method and therefore do not read well, they are most likely not going to live productively. Phonics is far better than the look say method of learning to read.Evidence proves that the look say method is not teaching students how to read properly. The public school claims that they teach children how to read exceptionally well; however, if that is the case, these students who graduate should be reading at high levels. But as more and more functionally illiterate students graduate, they find it extremely difficult to live the lives they had always dreamed for themselves because they cannot read well. This inability to read leads to many of the problems that are in society today, such as unemployment, negligence, and dependence on the government.

Personal Dilemma Paper Essay

In today’s society people face some form or type of dilemma and it could either be a personal, ethical, or moral dilemma. As individual’s we encounter personal dilemmas, whether it is professional or educational and with these dilemmas there is always some type of choice that must be made and with this choice there is either a solution or resolution or in some cases the choice that is made could either have a positive or negative effect for those involved. Within our society we are faced with ethical dilemmas on a daily basis and they come in the forms of newspapers, television, and by Internet. Some of these dilemmas could be about a Congressman/woman, Senators, Politicians, or Celebrities. For this paper the topic that has been chosen and will be discussed is Same Sex Marriage and the following will also be addressed as well: the nature of the dilemma, the ethical decision made about Same Sex Marriage, alternative course of action and why this action was taken, and th e outcome of the situation. Ethics and Morality So what is ethics and how can it affect me and the choices I make? According to Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy (2012), ethics can be defined as â€Å"the study of what is considered to be right and wrong, good and evil†. For example, let’s say that you caught your best friend cheating on his wife. What do you do? Do you confront your best friend and give him the chance to explain what is going on or do you just ignore what you saw and not say anything to either your best friend or to the wife. This is what would be considered an ethical dilemma in which there is a conflict and that some type of choice has to be made. In this type of situation no matter the type of choice you make it could affect your best friend and his wife in a positive or negative way. Morality can be defined by Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary as â€Å"†¦a system of moral conduct† leading ultimately to the living of a moral  life (Morality n.d.). For example, if an individual is faced with a moral dilemma this means he/she not only makes the decision about the conflict itself, but as a result there could be more than one action or reason why the individual chose that particular action. Basically, the individual has to make a choice, but with this choice there could be more than one solution or resolution and the decision must benefit the greater good of society in a whole. Same Sex Marriage As little girl’s we had this fantasy of what our ideal wedding would be like and it would be that the man of our dreams would be up there standing at the altar waiting for his soul mate and best friend. This is what most little girl’s dream of, but the reality of this is the fact that most boys and girls dream about marrying the man or girl of their dreams. The idea of marriage has taken on a whole if not different concept and meaning. When one thinks of marriage it is a union between a man and woman, not a union between a man and a man or a woman and a woman. Most of us may have family members and even friends that are in a same sex relationship. For most of these couples the only thing they are wanting is to not only spend the rest of their lives with their partner, but to have it legal and recognized in the state they live in. On October 14th, 2014 same sex marriage not only became legal in 23 states, including the District of Columbia, but in the first time in our h istory President Obama gave his full support to same sex marriage stating this: â€Å"At a certain point, I’ve just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married† (ProCon.org). In a decision that was made by the United Stated Supreme Court same sex couples can now be allowed to receive the same benefits as married heterosexual couples would receive. For the rest of the 20 states that have not legalized same sex marriage it would seem that there are certain laws, constitutional amendments or both prevent a same sex couple from getting married in his or her own state (ProCon.org). My Personal Belief and Reasons Why I Support Same Sex Marriage To be completely honest this issue not only hits a raw nerve with me, but I have family and friends that have been in a same sex relationship for years and have expressed to me about getting married. For example, I have a best friend, who is not only like a sister to me, but she  is considered to be part of our family. My friend and her partner live in a state where there is a ban on same sex marriage and she has expressed to me that she would like to marry her partner, but in order for that to happen she must go to another state to get married. We were both brought up and taught by our church that not only is marriage reserved for a man and a woman, but homosexuality is a sin in Godâ€℠¢s eyes. When my friend first told me of her plans to marry her partner I expressed my feelings of happiness and excitement. I have never nor will I be judgmental of my best friend’s decisions or choices when it comes to her life. As a friend I will always be supportive and I will stand with her though thick and thin. My friend and I are both bi-sexual and we are happy with our lifestyle and we do not see anything wrong with the way we live. Many times we have heard that being gay is a sin or that when we die we will not be able to go to Heaven that we are destined for a life of Hell due to our lifestyle. The dilemma in this case is that my friend and her partner do want to get married and in order to do that they must go to Minnesota, Illinois, Nevada, or New York to get married. The problem with this is the marriage will only be recognized in the state they have gotten married in and for some states you must be a resident of six month or longer in order to get married. To be perfectly honest I believe that same sex couples should be allowed to celebrate their union. If heterosexual couples can celebrate their union then why not a same sex couple? Clearly the definition of marriage has changed and people that were not fully supportive or accepting of same sex marriage are supporting the idea of same sex marriage and if same sex couples were to allowed to marry this would give them the opportunity to adopt a child and provide a stable and healthy environment for the child. In New Jersey, since making same sex marriage legal not only has the economy grown, but it has also provided new jobs and brought in additional money and with Massachusetts being the first state to legalized same sex marriage there has been a decrease in the divorce rate (ProCon.org). Reason for Decision and Outcome of the Situation With the situation of my friend and her partner wanting to getting married not only do I fully accept and support the idea of their marriage, but knowing that our government has made changes to the Defense of Marriage Act  (DOMA) is a much welcome relief and positive change (ProCon.org). With the support of the President of the United States and the Supreme Court decision that allows same sex couples to receive the same tax breaks and pension rights of married heterosexual couples this is just the beginning (ProCon.org) The next step is to lift the ban or constitutional amendments in the remaining 20 states and allow same sex couples to marry. By allowing same sex couples to marry this in no way will weaken the family values, but will only make the family values stronger and more successfully. Marriage should not be looked at as a privilege or a right, but as a reason to celebrate a union between two people that love each other not matter what their sexual orientation and the famil y unit is now being redefined as well. A family unit does consist of a mother and father, but now the family unit can consist of two mothers and two fathers raising a healthy family in a healthy environment. Conclusion Whether the dilemma you are faced with is personal, ethical or moral one thing we do know is there is always some type of conflict between the action and positive or negative consequence are made for that action or behavior. Dilemmas are personal in nature and one must find the appropriate course of action to help resolve the issue that was at hand. In the case with my friend and her partner the dilemma was simply they both wanted to get married and in order for that to happen they would have to travel to another state in order to get married, but at the same time the marriage would be recognized in the state they were married in and not the state they live in. With this type of dilemma the possibility of my friend receiving any type of benefits from her partner is looking grave and until the state lifts the ban on same sex marriage her and her partner will remain in a domestic partnership. References Braswell, M., McCarthy, B.R., and McCarthy B. (2021). Ethics, Crime, and Justice: An Introductory Note to Students. Science and Technology Morality. (n.d). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed). Retrieved from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morality ProCon.org (2014, October 14). Gay Marriage ProCon.org. Retrieved from: http://gaymarriage.ProCon.org/

Peace and War Essay

It was a wonderful period in human history. Peace existed through the large mass of geographic territory that many people of different cultures inhabited. It was the summer and the multitude of the population of these various neighboring countries enjoyed the prosperity they were blessed with. Then, a time moved forward†¦ It was a tragic and horrible way to die: drowning in one’s own blood because holes have been burned in the lungs due to the corrosive inhaled vapors that the canisters exploded. This was the unfortunate result of chemical and gas weapons. Could there be a worse way to die? Yes: starving on the battlefield as evidenced by gaunt corpses littering the landscape. This was the reality of World War One. Europe was a beautiful place in the early 20th century and the notion of war was the furthest thing from anyone’s mind. That is, it was far removed from people’s thoughts until a chain of events occurred that launched the massive devastation of The Great War. Perhaps those people in Europe only deluded themselves into thinking war as impossible. After all, the history of Europe (and many parts of the rest of the world) is one that chronicles war after war after war. The ability to live without war is simply a utopian fantasy that is not based in reality. In evidence of this, all one needs to do is look at the entirety of history. Throughout history, thousands of wars have been fought. Some have been justifiable acts of self defense, others have been aggressive acts of imperialism, and others have been simply been colossal errors in judgment that had tragic consequences. Regardless of the reasons for the onset of war, the fact remains that wars occurred and will continue to occur throughout human history. Peace and War Page 2 In reality, there will always be aggressive actions as long as nations seek international and domestic goals that may be at odds with other nations; cultural differences exist between societies that lead to tensions; imperial expansions and aggressions become a nation’s standard policy; dictatorships that are not accountable to their population continue to flourish; and human nature continues to embody Darwin’s model of â€Å"survival of the fittest. † This does not mean that human beings are bloodthirsty and crave violence and the subjugation of others. What it means is that nations seek self-preservation. In order to maintain this self-preservation (whether it is a noble goal or an imperial one), nations will require military buildups in order to deter interference or threats to their international and domestic interests. When such threats are perceived action will be taken. Of course, such action usually invites retaliation and the result is often full scale war. While we wish such a situation were avoidable, it has occurred so often in history that it was become, for lack of a better word, â€Å"standard operating procedure† on the part of certain world powers and they are not going to change this policy any time soon. In other words, for war to be eliminated from the landscape of human existence, then human nature itself must change. For all serious considerations, human nature is not going to change on such a grand scale that war actions become obsolete. Again, such a concept is utopianism not based in pragmatic, practical reality; but, rather, a complete disregard for the consistent actions of human beings since biblical times. As such, war will never disappear and will remain part of the human landscape forever more.

Bilingual Education Essay

Fluency is a very important factor in many fields of work such as in schools, public and private sectors. It is requirement in the application of proper communication methods. This means, it is applied both in oral and written communications methods. Fluency refers to both reading and language. The two are often confused with one another. Reading fluency is the ability to read the texts with greater accuracy and at a high speed, while the proficiency in a language which is often foreign one is referred to as language fluency. (Cummins, 1989) In this particular essay, I am tackling the reading fluency which can be defined as the ability to read with speed, accuracy and proper expression. Fluency is not an easy task and most children and students in higher class who have not learnt to read with fluency finds it very difficult in their learning. This is because, lack of fluency hinder the understanding and meaning of sentences in a text. This leads to poor understanding of the whole text at the end of their reading. Fluent reading makes the readers to utilize less energy in their reading. This enables them to have proper expression of the meanings in the texts. Whether a child is reading aloud or in silent mood, he/ she reads in phrases and adds intonation which are appropriate. Thus there reading becomes smooth and full of expressions. (Cummins, 1989) Contrary to fluent readers, non- fluent reader make their reading to sound choppy and awkward. In addition, they make a lot of mistakes by either omitting some of the words. This makes many sentences to lack meaning, and in general sense the whole to text remains to be a mess to them. Their decoding skills are hindered and hence they read laboriously. In order to achieve fluency, three or more components must be incorporated in reading. If the three components are put in practices, then fluency is achieved without any objections. First and foremost is the component of accuracy. This is also known as automaticity. However, there is a slight difference between the two terms. Automaticity applies to the fast, effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice. It refers to the child’s or any other person’s ability to read words in a text without missing its pronunciations. Some of the children find it very difficult to read because they cannot make the pronunciations of some words. This is made as difficult as the child is weak in combining syllables of a word. So, lack of phonemic awareness act as a barriers to fluency. This necessitates the child to be having a familiarity of word pronunciation. He can do so by reading some of the text especially the poetic kind of writing or songs. The third component is prosody. This one of the most ignored factor which most student lacks. They do not practise nor do they want to learn more about it. It is much concerned with the inclusion of stress, intonation and pauses. This can be referred to as reading feelings. They give good impression to the reader as well as to the audience. Reading without this component makes it very hard for the audience to depict the mood of the message being passed over through the text. (Cummins, 1989) It is therefore very necessary to have fluency in reading. This is developed gradually over time through practice. It first involves students reading in slow phase which is a bit laboured work. When students become fluent readers, they bridge word recognition and comprehension. Fluency therefore acts as bridge between the two. This means that fluency on its own does not ensure comprehension. However, it enhances the comprehension. Comprehension is very hard to achieve without fluency. The moment the non-fluent readers stop to decode and figure out unknown words, it is most likely the meaning of the already read parts get disrupted and the process of learning become laborious. When students are acquitted with fluency, they attain a better position in their study work. They pull together all their efforts and concentrate them on analyzing, interpreting and drawing of conclusions from the texts they are reading. Further more, fluency eliminates the concentrations on decoding the words thus the students keep on focusing their attention on what the text means. They are able to make the connections mange the ideas in the text and their background knowledge. Thus the fluent readers recognize the words and comprehend at the same time. This saves time of reading and interpretation giving student free time for leisure and other activities. Considering the fact that reading volumes increase with the transition from lower classes to the upper higher levels of education, it is very crucial for the teachers to help the students at the very beginning of schooling to gain fluency in their reading. Teachers are thus a major determinant for child’s fluency reading. Teachers are the first people who can recognize the problems of reading disorders with the children. They therefore need to take immediate action in order to improve the reading fluency of the child. Teachers can therefore do several things. This includes reading a text loudly while the child listens to him. He may also device other methods such as presenting loud tape messages to students. These two ways may help the child to listen to the words as they are pronounced, the prosody component is well heard and the other expressions are still well presented in this. The teacher must give much of the practice work to the student through having song and reciting poetic writing with the child. (Cummins, 1989) Reference: Cummins, J. (1989): Empowering minority students: California Association for Bilingual Education.